The Atari ST was a Motorola M68000 based personal computer, introduced in 1985, quite affordable and for some reason especially popular in Germany, though it also was not unseen in certain circles here in the Netherlands.
The model that probably sold best was the Atari 1040 ST. It had an 8 MHz M68000 CPU and came with a full Mbyte of RAM, which was quite a lot in those days. And even better: you could actually address all that memory from your programs, in sharp contrast with the PC’s of those days, where you had to live with 64 Kbyte segments. This and the fact that the M68000 CPU was so similar to what we used at work in our Unix boxes and workstations, made the Atari ST quite popular amongst technical and scientific users like me.
http://www.beastielabs.net/minix.html
#minix #atari #atari_st #m68k #m68000 #motorola68k #motorola68000 #addressing #memory #atari_1040ST #retro #programming #minix_st
I have uploaded some historical photos of computers and devices designed in Armenia with some descriptions http://norayr.arnet.am/RetroComputing/Armenian/photos/index.html
#computer #armenia #yerevan #mergelian #history #computers #retro #retro-computers #vintage #historical #technologies #information-technologies #masis #razdan #nairi #nairi-3 #nairi-4 #pgp #memory #tape #digital #computing #techno #Informatica #photos #photo #design
The displacement decision lost its power after the ratification of the Granada Convention
#SaveAfrikyans #Yerevan #architecture #capital #history #memory #granada-convention #law #society
Running 4 copies of an operating system at once
Dick explained to me that they were using an operating system from a company called Telesoft. Telesoft, headed by UCSD Pascal author Ken Bowles, was building an Ada compiler on top of its ROS (Renaissance Operating System) product. He told me (and I remember this clearly) that they had the operating system running in single user mode but that they wanted to run it in multi-user mode. At that point I was barely 21 years old. I had written a whole bunch of system-level 6502 assembler code and I had a really good ground-up understanding of the way that contemporary computer hardware worked. After studying the manual for the SUN board, I decided that I could simply break the 2MB of physical memory in to 4 chunks of 512KB each and run 4 copies of the operating system, gaining control via interrupts and device drivers.
#6502 #telesoft #pascal #ada #operating-systems #ucsd-pascal #compiler #ros #renaissance-operating-system #programming #history #computing #programming-languages #sun #intellimac #unix #msx #motorola68000 #68000 #68k #motorola-68k #ibm #stanford #research #memory
I mean, in iOS world, we don’t believe in garbage collectors, and we think the Android guys are nuts. I suspect that the Android guys think the iOS guys are nuts for manual memory management. But you know what the two, cutthroat opposition camps can agree about? The JavaScript folks are really nuts.
There is absolutely zero chance that you can write reasonable mobile code without worrying about what is going on in system memory, in some capacity. None.
http://sealedabstract.com/rants/why-mobile-web-apps-are-slow/
#garbage-collection #garbage #programming #memory #speed #performance #mobile #research #ios #iphone #ipad #memory-management #memory
essentially on the iPhone 4S, you start getting warned around 40MB and you get killed around 213MB. On the iPad 3, you get warned around 400MB and you get killed around 550MB. Of course, these are just my numbers–if your users are listening to music or running things in the background, you may have considerably less memory than you do in my results, but this is a start. This seems like a lot (213mb should be enough for everyone, right?) but as a practical matter it isn’t. For example, the iPhone 4S snaps photos at 3264×2448 resolution. That’s over 30 megabytes of bitmap data per photo. That’s a warning for having just two photos in memory and you get killed for having 7 photos in RAM. Oh, you were going to write a for loop that iterated over an album? Killed.
http://sealedabstract.com/rants/why-mobile-web-apps-are-slow/
#garbage-collection #garbage #programming #memory #speed #performance #mobile #research #ios #iphone #ipad #memory-management #memory
In particular, when garbage collection has five times as much memory as required, its runtime performance matches or slightly exceeds that of explicit memory management. However, garbage collection’s performance degrades substantially when it must use smaller heaps. With three times as much memory, it runs 17% slower on average, and with twice as much memory, it runs 70% slower.
http://sealedabstract.com/rants/why-mobile-web-apps-are-slow/
#garbage-collection #garbage #programming #memory #speed #performance #mobile #research
Linux Kernel: What are the factors in choosing among the different memory allocators in the Linux kernel?
First, “slab” has become a generic name referring to a memory allocation strategy employing an object cache, enabling efficient allocation and deallocation of kernel objects. It was first documented by Sun engineer Jeff Bonwick[1] and implemented in the Solaris 2.4 kernel.
Linux currently offers three choices for its “slab” allocator:
Slab is the original, based on Bonwick’s seminal paper and available since Linux kernel version 2.2. It is a faithful implementation of Bonwick’s proposal, augmented by the multiprocessor changes described in Bonwick’s follow-up paper[2].
Slub is the next-generation replacement memory allocator, which has been the default in the Linux kernel since 2.6.23. It continues to employ the basic “slab” model, but fixes several deficiencies in Slab’s design, particularly around systems with large numbers of processors. Slub is simpler than Slab.
SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) is a memory allocator optimized for embedded systems with very little memory—on the order of megabytes. It applies a very simple first-fit algorithm on a list of blocks, not unlike the old K&R-style heap allocator. In eliminating nearly all of the overhad from the memory allocator, SLOB is a good fit for systems under extreme memory constraints, but it offers none of the benefits described in [1] and can suffer from pathological fragmentation.
What should you use? Slub, unless you are building a kernel for an embedded device with limited in memory. In that case, I would benchmark Slub versus SLOB and see what works best for your workload. There is no reason to use Slab; it will likely be removed from future Linux kernel releases.
[1] Page on Usenix.org [2] Page on Usenix.org http://www.quora.com/Linux-Kernel/What-are-the-factors-in-choosing-among-the-different-memory-allocators-in-the-Linux-kernel
#linux #memory #slub #slab #slob #optimization #jeff-bonwick #kernel #algorithm
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uU2dZlhd4HY
ჯინსების თაობა გიორგი ტიგინაშვილი
#ჯინსების-ტაობა #გიორგი-ტიგინაშვილი #David-Turashvili #Georgia #Georgian #Georgian-writers #Georgian-prose #prose #quotes #USSR #СССР #past #memory #Soviet #flight-from-ussr #Jeans-generation #hijacking #Tbilisi_hijacking_incident #Tbilisi #Դավիթ֊Թուրաշվիլի #დავით-ტურაშვილი #արձակ #Թբիլիսի #თბილისი #Flight-6833 #ԽՍՀՄ #սովետ #պատմություն #միջադեպ #չվերթ֊6833 #անցյալ #поколение-джинсов #Давид-Турашвили #проза #рейс-6833 #Тбилиси #Грузия #инцидент #история #прошлое #georgian-music #georgia #երաժշտություն #վրացական֊երաժշտություն #musik #live #կենդանի֊կատարում #Giorgi-Tiginashvili #მუსიკა
աաա Գիորգի Տիգինաշվիլին Ջինսեբի Տաոբայի (ջինսերի սերունդ — #flight-from-ussr) մասին երգ ունի։
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8RzJQOS7IO0
#ჯინსების-ტაობა #David-Turashvili #Georgia #Georgian #Georgian-writers #Georgian-prose #prose #quotes #USSR #СССР #past #memory #Soviet #flight-from-ussr #Jeans-generation #hijacking #Tbilisi_hijacking_incident #Tbilisi #Դավիթ֊Թուրաշվիլի #დავით-ტურაშვილი #արձակ #Թբիլիսի #თბილისი #Flight-6833 #ԽՍՀՄ #սովետ #պատմություն #միջադեպ #չվերթ֊6833 #անցյալ #поколение-джинсов #Давид-Турашвили #проза #рейс-6833 #Тбилиси #Грузия #инцидент #история #прошлое #georgian-music #georgia #երաժշտություն #վրացական֊երաժշտություն #musik #live #կենդանի֊կատարում #Giorgi-Tiginashvili #მუსიკა
Thanks to his provincial zeal, in the beginning of the 1970’s, #Shevarnadze became the top person in #Soviet-Georgia (after beating his local competitors) and very soon, very easily, managed to charm the Soviet Georgian #intelligentsia. However, the latter was more an “accomplishment” of the Soviet intelligentsia rather than that of the First Secretary, since for dozens of years, the intellectual abilities of the #Soviet intelligentsia had also been deteriorating (alongside the #morals).
#David-Turashvili #Georgia #Georgian #Georgian-writers #Georgian-prose #prose #quotes #USSR #СССР #past #memory #Soviet #flight-from-ussr #Jeans-generation #hijacking #Tbilisi_hijacking_incident #Tbilisi #Դավիթ֊Թուրաշվիլի #დავით-ტურაშვილი #արձակ #Թբիլիսի #თბილისი #Flight-6833 #ԽՍՀՄ #սովետ #պատմություն #միջադեպ #չվերթ֊6833 #անցյալ #поколение-джинсов #Давид-Турашвили #проза #рейс-6833 #Тбилиси #Грузия #инцидент #история #прошлое #jeans #ջինս
In the 1960’s and 70’s they didn’t execute #professors and scientists anymore, but in return for their lives, they forced them to cooperate with the Soviet authorities. Most of them did cooperate with the government, since otherwise none of them would have been able to travel abroad and attend a single scientific conference. Such cooperation with #authorities, at first glance, was nothing special, and sometimes nothing was requested in return for their foreign trips, but this was only at first glance. In reality the main thing was taken away from them - freedom of speech and the right to have their own opinion. They couldn’t express their political views openly and had to support the government in all crucial cases (in every single one, for that matter). That’s what really happened - together with the Soviet government most Soviet scientists obediently created one big Soviet lie. Of course there also were exceptions - those who didn’t want privileges, apartments and cars given by the government (or the government didn’t with to encourage them). But there were very few of them - mostly they sat in the kitchens of their council flats. They would work, eat and drink and express negative opinions regarding the #Soviet #regime only there, in the safety of their tiny #kitchens. True, some - including academics - were in #jail (and not kitchen), but those were known as #dissidents.
#David-Turashvili #Georgia #Georgian #Georgian-writers #Georgian-prose #prose #quotes #USSR #СССР #past #memory #Soviet #flight-from-ussr #Jeans-generation #hijacking #Tbilisi_hijacking_incident #Tbilisi #Դավիթ֊Թուրաշվիլի #დავით-ტურაშვილი #արձակ #Թբիլիսի #თბილისი #Flight-6833 #ԽՍՀՄ #սովետ #պատմություն #միջադեպ #չվերթ֊6833 #անցյալ #поколение-джинсов #Давид-Турашвили #проза #рейс-6833 #Тбилиси #Грузия #инцидент #история #прошлое #jeans #ջինս
When the men opened the coffin lid, Gega’s mother turned away, waiting for their reaction. The men, deeply stunned, looked at the corpse which was difficult to identify due to the lapsed time. But it was Natia Megrelishvili who said with conviction: ‘This isn’t Gega. This is Soso, it’s his jeans, there’s the sun drawn on them.’ The others looked at the open coffin again and only now discovered the deceased was wearing the jeans, unaffected by the time and the soil. The jeans looked new and there was a shining sun drawn above the right knee.
#David-Turashvili #Georgia #Georgian #Georgian-writers #Georgian-prose #prose #quotes #USSR #СССР #past #memory #Soviet #flight-from-ussr #Jeans-generation #hijacking #Tbilisi_hijacking_incident #Tbilisi #Դավիթ֊Թուրաշվիլի #დავით-ტურაშვილი #արձակ #Թբիլիսի #თბილისი #Flight-6833 #ԽՍՀՄ #սովետ #պատմություն #միջադեպ #չվերթ֊6833 #անցյալ #поколение-джинсов #Давид-Турашвили #проза #рейс-6833 #Тбилиси #Грузия #инцидент #история #прошлое #jeans #ջինս
The Georgian authorities demonstrated more respect to the dead than to the living. However, there was one prerequisite for a guaranteed grave - one had to die ones’ natural death. If one was executed for crime, the dead convict would certainly be buried but he or she wouldn’t have a proper grave. Starting from 1920s, thousands of executed convicts found their eternal resting place in various unmarked stretches of land across the country. Very often the diggers assigned to the job of preparing a deep hole (not a grave) weren’t able to identify with certainty the places, especially that there were no landmarks to guide them and the work was usually done in the small hours, in complete darkness.
#David-Turashvili #Georgia #Georgian #Georgian-writers #Georgian-prose #prose #quotes #USSR #СССР #past #memory #Soviet #flight-from-ussr #Jeans-generation #hijacking #Tbilisi_hijacking_incident #Tbilisi #Դավիթ֊Թուրաշվիլի #დავით-ტურაშვილი #արձակ #Թբիլիսի #თბილისი #Flight-6833 #ԽՍՀՄ #սովետ #պատմություն #միջադեպ #չվերթ֊6833 #անցյալ #поколение-джинсов #Давид-Турашвили #проза #рейс-6833 #Тбилиси #Грузия #инцидент #история #прошлое
In those days every pair of jeans was believed to be American, and as the Soviet propaganda was particularly set to destroying American values, many thought the happiness lay where jeans were abundant. There was a grain of truth in such a belief because the Soviet state denied its citizens the basic civil rights, the right of property among them. One could truly be free only in one’s grave or rather, the authorities stopped worrying about your freedom and rights when you were safely put under the earth…. … There might have been other reasons, but the fact is that a grave was the only property people owed. Such political attitude marked the start of altering Georgian taste for the worse. For centuries, the traditional Georgian graveyards were simple and modest, while in the Soviet times the graves became ovely decorated, adorned with marble tables and benches, statues, bikes and even cars. The Soviet Georgians were confident in one thing only - the grave belonged to them, so they were taken care of and zealosly protected. People built and decorated them as they’d do if they had real estate property. The authorities turned a blind eye to the graveyard eccentricities. The Soviet regime principles didn’t extend to the Georgian graveyards.
#David-Turashvili #Georgia #Georgian #Georgian-writers #Georgian-prose #prose #quotes #USSR #СССР #past #memory #Soviet #flight-from-ussr #Jeans-generation #hijacking #Tbilisi_hijacking_incident #Tbilisi #Դավիթ֊Թուրաշվիլի #დავით-ტურაშვილი #արձակ #Թբիլիսի #თბილისი #Flight-6833 #ԽՍՀՄ #սովետ #պատմություն #միջադեպ #չվերթ֊6833 #անցյալ #поколение-джинсов #Давид-Турашвили #проза #рейс-6833 #Тбилиси #Грузия #инцидент #история #прошлое
The space pioneer superpower failed to produce such a simple piece of clothing as jeans. What can be more innocent than a pair of jeans? But because they couldn’t produce them, they just banned them. The banned jeans became sweeter than the forbidden fruit.
#David-Turashvili #Georgia #Georgian #Georgian-writers #Georgian-prose #prose #quotes #USSR #СССР #past #memory #Soviet #flight-from-ussr #Jeans-generation #hijacking #Tbilisi_hijacking_incident #Tbilisi #Դավիթ֊Թուրաշվիլի #დავით-ტურაშვილი #արձակ #Թբիլիսի #თბილისი #Flight-6833 #ԽՍՀՄ #սովետ #պատմություն #միջադեպ #չվերթ֊6833 #անցյալ #поколение-джинсов #Давид-Турашвили #проза #рейс-6833 #Тбилиси #Грузия #инцидент #история #прошлое
On publishing this book, I did not consider its relevance in today’s current political climate, rather, I naively believed that after the USSR disintegration, the Soviet past of Georgia would become nothing but a bitter memory. I was wrong. As it turned out, the past can come back to haunt you, especially if we ourselves cannot move from it.
#David-Turashvili #Georgia #Georgian #Georgian-writers #Georgian-prose #prose #quotes #USSR #СССР #past #memory #Soviet #flight-from-ussr #Jeans-generation #hijacking #Tbilisi_hijacking_incident #Tbilisi #Դավիթ֊Թուրաշվիլի #დავით-ტურაშვილი #արձակ #Թբիլիսի #თბილისი #Flight-6833 #ԽՍՀՄ #սովետ #պատմություն #միջադեպ #չվերթ֊6833 #անցյալ #поколение-джинсов #Давид-Турашвили #проза #рейс-6833 #Тбилиси #Грузия #инцидент #история #прошлое
#google #chrome #memory usage - good and bad http://blog.chromium.org/2008/09/google-chrome-memory-usage-good-and-bad.html
